Objective To compare the differences in neck length, relative neck length, and height between patients with cervical spondylosis and healthy individuals, in order to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of cervical spondylosis.Methods Nine hundred and fifty suspected cervical spondylosis patients admitted to the outpatient department of Longquan Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University from January 2019 to January 2023 were selected as the research subjects. They were grouped based on whether they were diagnosed with cervical spondylosis. SPSS software was used for data analysis, and Spearman correlation analysis and logistic regression were used to analyze whether there is a correlation between neck length, relative neck length, and height and cervical spondylosis.Results There were statistically significant differences in gender, age, occupation, neck length, relative neck length, and height between the healthy group and the cervical spondylosis group (all P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in variables such as gender, age, occupation, neck length, and relative neck length among different types of cervical spondylosis (all P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that age, occupation, neck length, and relative neck length were significantly correlated with the occurrence of cervical spondylosis, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that age, occupation and relative neck length are independent risk factors for the occurrence of cervical spondylosis [O^R (95%CI)=2.579 (1.249–3.007), 3.049 (1.461–2.978), 4.192 (1.467–2.659), 4.983(1.273–3.042)].Conclusion The independent risk factors of cervical spondylosis are relatively long neck, short height, older age and mental labor, which can lead to the increase of incidence rate of various types of cervical spondylosis.